still primarily Jewish. It reveals the issues and concerns that Yeshua’s earliest Jewish followers wrestled with. In Jude’s case, false teachers had appeared in some of the congregations, saying that the spiritual freedom they now have in Messiah gives them license to sin without consequence (v. 4). Jude thought this was a dangerous idea and wrote his letter as a vigorous rebuttal. The letter is a warning to be on guard against dangerous people within the body of Messiah, particularly leaders who